master_playlist.cc

// Copyright 2016 Google LLC. All rights reserved.
//
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file or at
// https://developers.google.com/open-source/licenses/bsd
 
#include <packager/hls/base/master_playlist.h>
 
#include <algorithm>  // std::max
#include <cstdint>
#include <filesystem>
 
#include <absl/log/check.h>
#include <absl/log/log.h>
#include <absl/strings/numbers.h>
#include <absl/strings/str_format.h>
#include <absl/strings/str_join.h>
 
#include <packager/file.h>
#include <packager/hls/base/media_playlist.h>
#include <packager/hls/base/tag.h>
#include <packager/macros/logging.h>
#include <packager/version/version.h>
 
namespace shaka {
namespace hls {
namespace {
const char* kDefaultAudioGroupId = "default-audio-group";
const char* kDefaultSubtitleGroupId = "default-text-group";
const char* kUnexpectedGroupId = "unexpected-group";
 
void AppendVersionString(std::string* content) {
  const std::string version = GetPackagerVersion();
  if (version.empty())
    return;
  absl::StrAppendFormat(content, "## Generated with %s version %s\n",
                        GetPackagerProjectUrl().c_str(), version.c_str());
}
 
// This structure roughly maps to the Variant stream in HLS specification.
// Each variant specifies zero or one audio group and zero or one text group.
struct Variant {
  std::set<std::string> audio_codecs;
  std::set<std::string> text_codecs;
  const std::string* audio_group_id = nullptr;
  const std::string* text_group_id = nullptr;
  // The bitrates should be the sum of audio bitrate and text bitrate.
  // However, given the constraints and assumptions, it makes sense to exclude
  // text bitrate out of the calculation:
  // - Text streams usually have a very small negligible bitrate.
  // - Text does not have constant bitrates. To avoid fluctuation, an arbitrary
  //   value is assigned to the text bitrates in the parser. It does not make
  //   sense to take that text bitrate into account here.
  uint64_t max_audio_bitrate = 0;
  uint64_t avg_audio_bitrate = 0;
};
 
uint64_t GetMaximumMaxBitrate(const std::list<const MediaPlaylist*> playlists) {
  uint64_t max = 0;
  for (const auto& playlist : playlists) {
    max = std::max(max, playlist->MaxBitrate());
  }
  return max;
}
 
uint64_t GetMaximumAvgBitrate(const std::list<const MediaPlaylist*> playlists) {
  uint64_t max = 0;
  for (const auto& playlist : playlists) {
    max = std::max(max, playlist->AvgBitrate());
  }
  return max;
}
 
std::set<std::string> GetGroupCodecString(
    const std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>& group) {
  std::set<std::string> codecs;
 
  for (const MediaPlaylist* playlist : group) {
    codecs.insert(playlist->codec());
  }
 
  // To support some older players, we cannot include "wvtt" in the codec
  // string. As per HLS guidelines, "wvtt" is optional. When it is included, it
  // can cause playback errors on some Apple produces. Excluding it allows
  // playback on all Apple products. See
  // https://github.com/shaka-project/shaka-packager/issues/402 for all details.
  auto wvtt = codecs.find("wvtt");
  if (wvtt != codecs.end()) {
    codecs.erase(wvtt);
  }
  // TTML is specified using 'stpp.ttml.im1t'; see section 5.10 of
  // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/http_live_streaming/hls_authoring_specification_for_apple_devices
  auto ttml = codecs.find("ttml");
  if (ttml != codecs.end()) {
    codecs.erase(ttml);
    codecs.insert("stpp.ttml.im1t");
  }
 
  return codecs;
}
 
std::list<Variant> AudioGroupsToVariants(
    const std::map<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>& groups) {
  std::list<Variant> variants;
 
  for (const auto& group : groups) {
    Variant variant;
    variant.audio_group_id = &group.first;
    variant.max_audio_bitrate = GetMaximumMaxBitrate(group.second);
    variant.avg_audio_bitrate = GetMaximumAvgBitrate(group.second);
    variant.audio_codecs = GetGroupCodecString(group.second);
 
    variants.push_back(variant);
  }
 
  // Make sure we return at least one variant so create a null variant if there
  // are no variants.
  if (variants.empty()) {
    variants.emplace_back();
  }
 
  return variants;
}
 
const char* GetGroupId(const MediaPlaylist& playlist) {
  const std::string& group_id = playlist.group_id();
 
  if (!group_id.empty()) {
    return group_id.c_str();
  }
 
  switch (playlist.stream_type()) {
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kAudio:
      return kDefaultAudioGroupId;
 
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kSubtitle:
      return kDefaultSubtitleGroupId;
 
    default:
      return kUnexpectedGroupId;
  }
}
 
std::list<Variant> SubtitleGroupsToVariants(
    const std::map<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>& groups) {
  std::list<Variant> variants;
 
  for (const auto& group : groups) {
    Variant variant;
    variant.text_group_id = &group.first;
    variant.text_codecs = GetGroupCodecString(group.second);
 
    variants.push_back(variant);
  }
 
  // Make sure we return at least one variant so create a null variant if there
  // are no variants.
  if (variants.empty()) {
    variants.emplace_back();
  }
 
  return variants;
}
 
std::list<Variant> BuildVariants(
    const std::map<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>& audio_groups,
    const std::map<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>&
        subtitle_groups) {
  std::list<Variant> audio_variants = AudioGroupsToVariants(audio_groups);
  std::list<Variant> subtitle_variants =
      SubtitleGroupsToVariants(subtitle_groups);
 
  DCHECK_GE(audio_variants.size(), 1u);
  DCHECK_GE(subtitle_variants.size(), 1u);
 
  std::list<Variant> merged;
 
  for (const auto& audio_variant : audio_variants) {
    for (const auto& subtitle_variant : subtitle_variants) {
      Variant variant;
      variant.audio_codecs = audio_variant.audio_codecs;
      variant.text_codecs = subtitle_variant.text_codecs;
      variant.audio_group_id = audio_variant.audio_group_id;
      variant.text_group_id = subtitle_variant.text_group_id;
      variant.max_audio_bitrate = audio_variant.max_audio_bitrate;
      variant.avg_audio_bitrate = audio_variant.avg_audio_bitrate;
 
      merged.push_back(variant);
    }
  }
 
  DCHECK_GE(merged.size(), 1u);
 
  return merged;
}
 
void BuildStreamInfTag(const MediaPlaylist& playlist,
                       const Variant& variant,
                       const std::string& base_url,
                       std::string* out) {
  DCHECK(out);
 
  std::string tag_name;
  switch (playlist.stream_type()) {
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kAudio:
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kVideo:
      tag_name = "#EXT-X-STREAM-INF";
      break;
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kVideoIFramesOnly:
      tag_name = "#EXT-X-I-FRAME-STREAM-INF";
      break;
    default:
      NOTIMPLEMENTED() << "Cannot build STREAM-INFO tag for type "
                       << static_cast<int>(playlist.stream_type());
      break;
  }
  Tag tag(tag_name, out);
 
  tag.AddNumber("BANDWIDTH", playlist.MaxBitrate() + variant.max_audio_bitrate);
  tag.AddNumber("AVERAGE-BANDWIDTH",
                playlist.AvgBitrate() + variant.avg_audio_bitrate);
 
  std::vector<std::string> all_codecs;
  all_codecs.push_back(playlist.codec());
  all_codecs.insert(all_codecs.end(), variant.audio_codecs.begin(),
                    variant.audio_codecs.end());
  all_codecs.insert(all_codecs.end(), variant.text_codecs.begin(),
                    variant.text_codecs.end());
  tag.AddQuotedString("CODECS", absl::StrJoin(all_codecs, ","));
 
  if (playlist.supplemental_codec() != "" &&
      playlist.compatible_brand() != media::FOURCC_NULL) {
    std::vector<std::string> supplemental_codecs;
    supplemental_codecs.push_back(playlist.supplemental_codec());
    supplemental_codecs.push_back(FourCCToString(playlist.compatible_brand()));
    tag.AddQuotedString("SUPPLEMENTAL-CODECS",
                        absl::StrJoin(supplemental_codecs, "/"));
  }
 
  uint32_t width;
  uint32_t height;
  if (playlist.GetDisplayResolution(&width, &height)) {
    tag.AddNumberPair("RESOLUTION", width, 'x', height);
 
    // Right now the frame-rate returned may not be accurate in some scenarios.
    // TODO(kqyang): Fix frame-rate computation.
    const bool is_iframe_playlist =
        playlist.stream_type() ==
        MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kVideoIFramesOnly;
    if (!is_iframe_playlist) {
      const double frame_rate = playlist.GetFrameRate();
      if (frame_rate > 0)
        tag.AddFloat("FRAME-RATE", frame_rate);
    }
 
    const std::string video_range = playlist.GetVideoRange();
    if (!video_range.empty())
      tag.AddString("VIDEO-RANGE", video_range);
  }
 
  if (variant.audio_group_id) {
    tag.AddQuotedString("AUDIO", *variant.audio_group_id);
  }
 
  if (variant.text_group_id) {
    tag.AddQuotedString("SUBTITLES", *variant.text_group_id);
  }
 
  // Since CEA captions in Shaka Packager are only an input format, but not
  // supported as output, the HLS output should always indicate that there are
  // no captions.  Explicitly signaling a lack of captions in HLS keeps Safari
  // from assuming captions and showing a text track that doesn't exist.
  // https://github.com/shaka-project/shaka-packager/issues/922#issuecomment-804304019
  tag.AddString("CLOSED-CAPTIONS", "NONE");
 
  if (playlist.stream_type() ==
      MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kVideoIFramesOnly) {
    tag.AddQuotedString("URI", base_url + playlist.file_name());
    out->append("\n");
  } else {
    absl::StrAppendFormat(out, "\n%s%s\n", base_url.c_str(),
                          playlist.file_name().c_str());
  }
}
 
// Need to pass in |group_id| as it may have changed to a new default when
// grouped with other playlists.
void BuildMediaTag(const MediaPlaylist& playlist,
                   const std::string& group_id,
                   bool is_default,
                   bool is_autoselect,
                   const std::string& base_url,
                   std::string* out) {
  // Tag attributes should follow the order as defined in
  // https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-23#section-3.5
 
  Tag tag("#EXT-X-MEDIA", out);
 
  // We should only be making media tags for audio and text.
  switch (playlist.stream_type()) {
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kAudio:
      tag.AddString("TYPE", "AUDIO");
      break;
 
    case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kSubtitle:
      tag.AddString("TYPE", "SUBTITLES");
      break;
 
    default:
      NOTIMPLEMENTED() << "Cannot build media tag for type "
                       << static_cast<int>(playlist.stream_type());
      break;
  }
 
  tag.AddQuotedString("URI", base_url + playlist.file_name());
  tag.AddQuotedString("GROUP-ID", group_id);
 
  const std::string& language = playlist.language();
  if (!language.empty()) {
    tag.AddQuotedString("LANGUAGE", language);
  }
 
  tag.AddQuotedString("NAME", playlist.name());
 
  if (is_default) {
    tag.AddString("DEFAULT", "YES");
  } else {
    tag.AddString("DEFAULT", "NO");
  }
  if (is_autoselect) {
    tag.AddString("AUTOSELECT", "YES");
  }
 
  if (playlist.stream_type() ==
          MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kSubtitle &&
      playlist.forced_subtitle()) {
    tag.AddString("FORCED", "YES");
  }
 
  const std::vector<std::string>& characteristics = playlist.characteristics();
  if (!characteristics.empty()) {
    tag.AddQuotedString("CHARACTERISTICS", absl::StrJoin(characteristics, ","));
  }
 
  const MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType kAudio =
      MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kAudio;
  if (playlist.stream_type() == kAudio) {
    if (playlist.GetEC3JocComplexity() != 0) {
      // HLS Authoring Specification for Apple Devices Appendices documents how
      // to handle Dolby Digital Plus JOC content.
      // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/http_live_streaming/hls_authoring_specification_for_apple_devices/hls_authoring_specification_for_apple_devices_appendices
      std::string channel_string =
        std::to_string(playlist.GetEC3JocComplexity()) + "/JOC";
      tag.AddQuotedString("CHANNELS", channel_string);
    } else if (playlist.GetAC4ImsFlag() || playlist.GetAC4CbiFlag()) {
      // Dolby has qualified using IMSA to present AC4 immersive audio (IMS and
      // CBI without object-based audio) for Dolby internal use only. IMSA is
      // not included in any publicly-available specifications as of June, 2020.
      std::string channel_string =
        std::to_string(playlist.GetNumChannels()) + "/IMSA";
      tag.AddQuotedString("CHANNELS", channel_string);
    } else {
      // According to HLS spec:
      // https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-hls-rfc8216bis 4.4.6.1.
      // CHANNELS is a quoted-string that specifies an ordered,
      // slash-separated ("/") list of parameters. The first parameter is a
      // count of audio channels, and the second parameter identifies the
      // encoding of object-based audio used by the Rendition.
      std::string channel_string = std::to_string(playlist.GetNumChannels());
      tag.AddQuotedString("CHANNELS", channel_string);
    }
  }
  out->append("\n");
}
 
void BuildMediaTags(
    std::list<std::pair<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>>& groups,
    const std::string& default_language,
    const std::string& base_url,
    std::string* out) {
  for (const auto& group : groups) {
    const std::string& group_id = group.first;
    const auto& playlists = group.second;
 
    // Tracks the language of the playlist in this group.
    // According to HLS spec: https://goo.gl/MiqjNd 4.3.4.1.1. Rendition Groups
    // - A Group MUST NOT have more than one member with a DEFAULT attribute of
    //   YES.
    // - Each EXT-X-MEDIA tag with an AUTOSELECT=YES attribute SHOULD have a
    //   combination of LANGUAGE[RFC5646], ASSOC-LANGUAGE, FORCED, and
    //   CHARACTERISTICS attributes that is distinct from those of other
    //   AUTOSELECT=YES members of its Group.
    // We tag the first rendition encountered with a particular language with
    // 'AUTOSELECT'; it is tagged with 'DEFAULT' too if the language matches
    // |default_language_|.
    std::set<std::string> languages;
 
    for (const auto& playlist : playlists) {
      bool is_default = false;
      bool is_autoselect = false;
 
      if (playlist->is_dvs()) {
        // According to HLS Authoring Specification for Apple Devices
        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/http_live_streaming/hls_authoring_specification_for_apple_devices#overview
        // section 2.13 If you provide DVS, the AUTOSELECT attribute MUST have
        //              a value of "YES".
        is_autoselect = true;
      } else {
        const std::string language = playlist->language();
        if (languages.find(language) == languages.end()) {
          is_default = !language.empty() && language == default_language;
          is_autoselect = true;
 
          languages.insert(language);
        }
      }
 
      if (playlist->stream_type() ==
              MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kSubtitle &&
          playlist->forced_subtitle()) {
        is_autoselect = true;
      }
 
      BuildMediaTag(*playlist, group_id, is_default, is_autoselect, base_url,
                    out);
    }
  }
}
 
bool ListOrderFn(const MediaPlaylist*& a, const MediaPlaylist*& b) {
  return a->GetMediaInfo().index() < b->GetMediaInfo().index();
}
 
bool GroupOrderFn(std::pair<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>& a,
                  std::pair<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>& b) {
  a.second.sort(ListOrderFn);
  b.second.sort(ListOrderFn);
  return a.second.front()->GetMediaInfo().index() <
         b.second.front()->GetMediaInfo().index();
}
 
void AppendPlaylists(const std::string& default_audio_language,
                     const std::string& default_text_language,
                     const std::string& base_url,
                     const std::list<MediaPlaylist*>& playlists,
                     std::string* content) {
  std::map<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>> audio_playlist_groups;
  std::map<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>
      subtitle_playlist_groups;
  std::list<const MediaPlaylist*> video_playlists;
  std::list<const MediaPlaylist*> iframe_playlists;
 
  bool has_index = true;
 
  for (const MediaPlaylist* playlist : playlists) {
    has_index = has_index && playlist->GetMediaInfo().has_index();
 
    switch (playlist->stream_type()) {
      case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kAudio:
        audio_playlist_groups[GetGroupId(*playlist)].push_back(playlist);
        break;
      case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kVideo:
        video_playlists.push_back(playlist);
        break;
      case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kVideoIFramesOnly:
        iframe_playlists.push_back(playlist);
        break;
      case MediaPlaylist::MediaPlaylistStreamType::kSubtitle:
        subtitle_playlist_groups[GetGroupId(*playlist)].push_back(playlist);
        break;
      default:
        NOTIMPLEMENTED() << static_cast<int>(playlist->stream_type())
                         << " not handled.";
    }
  }
 
  // convert the std::map to std::list and reorder it if indexes were provided
  std::list<std::pair<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>>
      audio_groups_list(audio_playlist_groups.begin(),
                        audio_playlist_groups.end());
  std::list<std::pair<std::string, std::list<const MediaPlaylist*>>>
      subtitle_groups_list(subtitle_playlist_groups.begin(),
                           subtitle_playlist_groups.end());
  if (has_index) {
    audio_groups_list.sort(GroupOrderFn);
    for (const auto& group : audio_groups_list) {
      std::list<const MediaPlaylist*> group_playlists = group.second;
      group_playlists.sort(ListOrderFn);
    }
    subtitle_groups_list.sort(GroupOrderFn);
    for (const auto& group : subtitle_groups_list) {
      std::list<const MediaPlaylist*> group_playlists = group.second;
      group_playlists.sort(ListOrderFn);
    }
    video_playlists.sort(ListOrderFn);
    iframe_playlists.sort(ListOrderFn);
  }
 
  if (!audio_playlist_groups.empty()) {
    content->append("\n");
    BuildMediaTags(audio_groups_list, default_audio_language, base_url,
                   content);
  }
 
  if (!subtitle_playlist_groups.empty()) {
    content->append("\n");
    BuildMediaTags(subtitle_groups_list, default_text_language, base_url,
                   content);
  }
 
  std::list<Variant> variants =
      BuildVariants(audio_playlist_groups, subtitle_playlist_groups);
  for (const auto& variant : variants) {
    if (video_playlists.empty())
      break;
    content->append("\n");
    for (const auto& playlist : video_playlists) {
      BuildStreamInfTag(*playlist, variant, base_url, content);
    }
  }
 
  if (!iframe_playlists.empty()) {
    content->append("\n");
    for (const auto& playlist : iframe_playlists) {
      // I-Frame playlists do not have variant. Just use the default.
      BuildStreamInfTag(*playlist, Variant(), base_url, content);
    }
  }
 
  // Generate audio-only master playlist when there are no videos and subtitles.
  if (!audio_playlist_groups.empty() && video_playlists.empty() &&
      subtitle_playlist_groups.empty()) {
    content->append("\n");
    for (const auto& playlist_group : audio_groups_list) {
      Variant variant;
      // Populate |audio_group_id|, which will be propagated to "AUDIO" field.
      // Leaving other fields, e.g. xxx_audio_bitrate in |Variant|, as
      // null/empty/zero intentionally as the information is already available
      // in audio |playlist|.
      variant.audio_group_id = &playlist_group.first;
      for (const auto& playlist : playlist_group.second) {
        BuildStreamInfTag(*playlist, variant, base_url, content);
      }
    }
  }
}
 
}  // namespace
 
MasterPlaylist::MasterPlaylist(const std::filesystem::path& file_name,
                               const std::string& default_audio_language,
                               const std::string& default_text_language,
                               bool is_independent_segments,
                               bool create_session_keys)
    : file_name_(file_name),
      default_audio_language_(default_audio_language),
      default_text_language_(default_text_language),
      is_independent_segments_(is_independent_segments),
      create_session_keys_(create_session_keys) {}
 
MasterPlaylist::~MasterPlaylist() {}
 
bool MasterPlaylist::WriteMasterPlaylist(
    const std::string& base_url,
    const std::string& output_dir,
    const std::list<MediaPlaylist*>& playlists) {
  std::string content = "#EXTM3U\n";
  AppendVersionString(&content);
 
  if (is_independent_segments_) {
    content.append("\n#EXT-X-INDEPENDENT-SEGMENTS\n");
  }
 
  // Iterate over the playlists and add the session keys to the master playlist.
  if (create_session_keys_) {
    std::set<std::string> session_keys;
    for (const auto& playlist : playlists) {
      for (const auto& entry : playlist->entries()) {
        if (entry->type() == HlsEntry::EntryType::kExtKey) {
          auto encryption_entry = dynamic_cast<EncryptionInfoEntry*>(entry.get());
          session_keys.emplace(encryption_entry->ToString("#EXT-X-SESSION-KEY"));
        }
      }
    }
    // session_keys will now contain all the unique session keys.
    for (const auto& session_key : session_keys)
      content.append(session_key + "\n");
  }
 
  AppendPlaylists(default_audio_language_, default_text_language_, base_url,
                  playlists, &content);
 
  // Skip if the playlist is already written.
  if (content == written_playlist_)
    return true;
 
  auto file_path = std::filesystem::u8path(output_dir) / file_name_;
  if (!File::WriteFileAtomically(file_path.string().c_str(), content)) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write master playlist to: " << file_path.string();
    return false;
  }
  written_playlist_ = content;
  return true;
}
 
}  // namespace hls
}  // namespace shaka